what is ip address ans osi model
An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a numerical label assigned to each device participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. IP addresses serve two main purposes: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Each IP address is unique and is used to facilitate the routing of data packets across networks. There are two main versions of IP addresses in use today: IPv4 (32-bit) and IPv6 (128-bit), with IPv6 being introduced to accommodate the growing number of devices connected to the internet.
OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model):
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers. Each layer performs specific tasks and communicates with the adjacent layers. The layers, from the lowest to the highest, are:
Physical Layer (Layer 1): Deals with the physical connection between devices and the transmission of raw data bits over a physical medium.
Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Manages the reliable link between two directly connected nodes, addressing errors in the physical layer, and managing access to the shared medium.
Network Layer (Layer 3): Handles logical addressing, routing, and forwarding of data packets between different networks. IP addresses operate at this layer.
Transport Layer (Layer 4): Manages end-to-end communication, ensuring the reliable delivery of data. It includes protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
Session Layer (Layer 5): Establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions between applications. It provides dialog control and synchronization.
Presentation Layer (Layer 6): Translates data between the application layer and the lower layers. It is responsible for data compression, encryption, and formatting.
Application Layer (Layer 7): Represents the interface between the network and the user, including network-aware applications and providing network services directly to end-users.
Subnetting:
Subnetting is the process of dividing an IP network into sub-networks to improve performance and security. It involves creating smaller, more manageable segments of a larger network. Subnetting helps in optimizing network resources, controlling network traffic, and enhancing security by isolating parts of the network.
In subnetting, a subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into network and host portions. This allows for more efficient use of IP addresses and better organization of devices within a network. Subnetting is a crucial skill in IP network design and administration, helping administrators create networks that are scalable and easier to manage.
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