HISTORY OF UNIX & LINUX | History of Unix – IN MARATHI (मराठी मध्ये ) – class 1
History of Unix & Linux | history of Unix
The history of Unix and Linux is intertwined, with Unix serving as the foundation for Linux. Here’s a brief overview of their histories:
**Unix:**
1. **Origins**: Unix was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s at AT&T Bell Labs by a group of researchers including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, and others. It was initially conceived as a simpler, more efficient alternative to the Multics operating system.
2. **Version 6 Unix**: The release of Unix Version 6 in 1975 marked a significant milestone. It introduced many features that are still fundamental to Unix-like operating systems today, including the file system hierarchy, the shell (command-line interface), and the C programming language.
3. **BSD**: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) of Unix was developed at the University of California, Berkeley. BSD Unix added many new features and improvements, including networking capabilities and the vi text editor.
4. **Commercialization and Fragmentation**: Unix was commercialized by various vendors, leading to fragmentation and the development of proprietary Unix variants such as System V, AIX, HP-UX, and SunOS.
**Linux:**
1. **Creation of Linux Kernel**: In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish computer science student, created the Linux kernel as a hobby project while studying at the University of Helsinki. Inspired by Unix, Torvalds aimed to create a free and open-source Unix-like operating system.
2. **Growth of the Linux Community**: Torvalds released the Linux kernel under the GNU General Public License (GPL), which allowed anyone to modify and distribute the source code freely. This attracted a community of developers who contributed to the growth and improvement of Linux.
3. **GNU/Linux**: In the early 1990s, the Free Software Foundation’s GNU project provided many essential tools and utilities for Unix-like operating systems. When combined with the Linux kernel, the resulting operating system became known as GNU/Linux.
4. **Distributions**: Various organizations and communities developed Linux distributions, which package the Linux kernel along with GNU utilities, libraries, and other software to create complete operating systems. Examples include Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, and CentOS.
5. **Popularity and Adoption**: Linux gained popularity in the 2000s and 2010s, particularly in server and embedded computing environments. It is widely used in web hosting, cloud computing, supercomputing, mobile devices (Android), and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
Today, Unix and Linux continue to evolve and thrive, powering a wide range of computing systems and devices around the world. They embody the principles of open-source software development, collaboration, and community-driven innovation.
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